THE KINGDOM OF KONGO-(1641-1718)

Dapre JOHN THORNTON ke yo konsidere kòm pi gwo ""AFRIKANIS""" vivan lan tradisyon BASIL DAVIDSON di ke pou w konprann REVOLISYON AYISYEN an se pou w konprann ISTWA KONGO.
Se lan tradisyon sa a ke MACAYA,BIASSOU,JAN FRANSWA ,KAPLAWOU te sòti.Ou gen dwa di tou se lan men mesye sa yo ki te sòti ann AFRIK ke TOUSEN ak DESSALINES te aprann fè la GÈ se pa lan men okenn BLAN FRANSE tankou gen NÈG vle di.
Se lan GÈ SIVIL KONGO yo ki pwovoke EKLATMAN WÒYÒM lan e pwodwi tout ESKLAV ki vin genyen yo ki te lan yon tan te de santèn de milye km kare.
THORNTON renmen di tou ke WA KONGO yo pa t EREDITÈ ,se te ELI yo te eli yo.
Epi MALPWOPTE ki ap di ke AFRIKEN yo te SOVAJ ;THORNTON gen yon bonkou NÈG ki te konn li ak EKRI .Yo te konn li ekri PÒTIGÈ ak ARAB e yo kite bagay ke w ka li lan:
""ARQUIVO HISTORICO ULTRAMARINO"" lan LISBÒN ou byen ""Archives of the PROPAGANDA FIDE"" lan ROME.

Men lan entrodiksyon an sa misye di lan LIV lan ki jan WÒYÒM KONGO an te ye ,lè GÈ SIVIL lan te kòmanse:

""IN LATE February 1641 ,ALVARO VI AFONSO NOMO A LUKUNI,""Defender of the Faith ,King of the most ancient Kingdom of Kongo and Lord of all the Ambundos"" died suddenly ,after a short illness .The illness was so short in fact ,that it was rumored that at the time that he was poisonned.
Since KONGO system of succession was elective rather than hereditary ,the royal electors met soon afterwards to choose a successor ,and chose a certain Dom Alvaro to succeed ALVARO VI in office .But the electors had not counted on ALVARO VI's ambitious brother GARCIA,the Duke of MBAMBA and Captain General of Kongo ,a military hero who had once saved a Kongo king from rebels and who had important friends and relatives in the capital.Warned of his brother's death by a CANON of the cathedral of SAO SALVADOR in the capital,GARCIA quickly raised an army ,marched on the capital ,and in the confusion reigning in the city ,turned the electors out and proclaimed himself KING GARCIA II of KONGO""

Nou gen dwa wè anpil WA yo gen NON PÒTIGÈ;se paske PÒTIGÈ yo a travè ""misyonè"" yo te lan KONGO depi an 1452 e yo te konn ""batize"" NOBILITE an.

Joel fè atansyon lè wap voye monte konsa.

Tousen, Desalinn Kristof, Petion  latriye se sayo yo te rele KREYOL kite alye Franse  nan tout konfrontasyon tankou refoulman Espagnol yo ki te vle anvayi Sendomeng.


Tout jenero sayo se te kreyol sa vle di esklav ki ne an Ayiti ki pa te janm renmen KONGO yo.

Politik franse yo se te fome esklav kreyol yo te panse kap toujou pou yo. Moun tankou Desalinn, Petyon, Kristof se te lyetnan jeneral an chef Tousen Louvèti ki te alorijinn lame endijenn.

Desssalin ak Kristof si telman pa vle wè kongo ki te vle gen kontrol lame endijenn yo te pyeje tout chef yo tankou Lamour Derance. 

Zafè kongo kite fome twoup yo se manti, men yo te finn pa sèvi sou direksyon Desalinn kom bon konbatan, Dayè nan moman bata Vètyè yo popilasyon kongo te 60% nan No, 50% nan lwès. ak 30 % nan Sid

Alòs lò w di ke DESSALINES,PETYON,KRISTÒF ,TOUSSAINT se te KREYÒL se pa bagay tout moun konnen?
Se sa ki lan LIV MADIOU ,ARDOUIN elt..
Se te LYETNAN BIASSOU ,TOUSSAINT te ye.
Menm PIERROT se te yon KONGO ,se te ann AFRIK misye te fèt.PIERROT ,NÈG NÒ ki te yon CHÈF de BANNe ki te prezidan lan fen lanne 1840s yo.
Se ak bon AGIMAN ,ak bon RECHÈCH ke JOHN THORNTON di ke JENERAL tankou DESSALINES,TOUSSAINT se lan men NÈG yo rele KONGO yo ,yo te aprann TAKTIK ak la GÈ.
Batay RAVIN A KOULÈV lan kote mesye yo te lan ZÈB yo e fè FRANSE yo konprann ke FÒS yo te 5 a 10 FWA ke sa yo te vre ;THORNTON di ke PÒTIGÈ yo dekri TAKTIK sa yo lan GÈ SIVIL WÒYÒM KONGO an.
Ou gen TAKTIK BATAY KRÈTAPYERO yo ;lè DESSALINES te konn voye 100 a 200 TWOUP atake yon REDOUT FRANSE e ke yo konn fè tankou y ap repliye epi yo tonbe lan yon TRANCHE KOTE TE GEN YON FÒS ki ap tann yo ;se taktik MILITÈ KONGO yo.

Se pa t konsa MILITÈ FRANSE goumen .
THORNTON di ke lan ACHIV PÒTIGÈ yo ,li jwenn MANYÈL ke TAKTISYEN KONGO yo te konn ekri.
M ap li LIV THORNTON lan ""THE KINGDOM OF KONGO-CIVIL WAR AND TRANSITION 1641-1718"".
Misye di ke depi fen 17yèm SYÈK lan ;KONGO yo te konn itilize ARTIYRI.Se te yon SOSYETE SOFISTIKE.

Se yon KRIM MOUN ki te konn edike nou yo te konn fè kont nou ,lè yo di ke MESYE sa yo te SOVAJ.
Se tankou LISTWA nou te kòmanse lè nou te rive SENDOMENG.Se pa t vre!

Sa mwen vle di w Franse te foure tèt yo apre yo te finn fome Tousen, Petyon, Dessalinn, Kristof e latriye pou te  mete ofisye nan lame Franse.

Mwen redi w anko lame endijenn se te gwoup esklav kreyol yo kite
dirije l, mete sou pye taktik ak estrateji militè yo. Wi yo te gen sitou nan No anpil  konbatan Kongo.

Mwen vle fè w konprann chef kongo kite an rebelyon a lepok kont Tousen apre kont Dessalinn pa te kapab gen yon rol de dirijan, ni taktisyen.
Se  malere Desssalinn li menm di toutan li pa ekstèminen tout kongo li pap rete.

Se domaj se listwa apre  disparisyon Lamour Derance tout fos reyini.

Ou tonbe lan bagay mwen di w lan ankò.
Tout sa w di yo pa gen youn ke mwen pa tande ou te li deija.Pa youn.
Ouvè LOJIK ou.
An 1793 LAME ""ENDIJÈN"" yo te gen tan ap konfwonte LAME PANYÒL ak LAME ANGLE.Ki lè FRANSE YO t ap gen tan pou antrene yo.
Se pa t ak manchèt non ,yo te konfwonte LAME sa yo ,se ak FIZI.
Yon NÈG tankou MACAYA gen gwo pwobabilite ke l te OFISYE lan LAME WA KONGO an .Lan pwoklamasyon l apre ke l te razye OKAP li te di ke premye ALEJANS li se te a WA KONGO epi a WA PANYÒL lan.
Kouman pou misye sa yo ta ka fè FRANSE yo konfyans lan EPÒK sa a ;yomenm ki sòti e ap konbat LESKLAVAY ki te pi TERIB lan epòk sa a?
M ap di w ankò ke TOUSSAINT se te ASISTAN BIASSOU li te ye.Eske se pa t kòm ""DOKTÈ"" li te kòmanse lan LAME Biassou an?
An pasan ,lan ISTWA DAYITI ,yo di ke TOUSSAINT te chase BIASSOU.Ou konn sa li te devni?
PANYÒL yo te nonmen BIASSOU KÒMANDAN MILIS lan SAINT AUGUSTINE lan FLORID ,lè FLORIDA te toujou yon KOLONI PANYÒL.
JOUNAL AMERIKEN konn pale de BIASSOU kòm premye JENERAL NWA TERITWA KONTINANTAL ETAZINI.
Pou JANFRANSWA menm ,PANYÒL yo te nonmen misye KÒMANDAN lan KOLONI yo lan AMERIK SANTRAL.Yo di ke MISYE gen DESANDAN gran PWOPRIYETÈ TERYEN lan SALVADOR ak GUATEMALA.

Sa w ap di an ,se sa THORNTON lan LIV MAJISTRAL li an ""AFRICAN SOLDIERS IN THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION"" ""SOLDA AFRIKEN LAN REVOLISYEN AYISYEN AN"" te vle refite.
Se pa t FRANSE yo ki te antrene de NÈG tankou TOUSSAINT ak DESSALINES.Yo te deja konn TAKTIK ak ESTRATEJI anvan yo vin rejwenn KAN FRANSE an.
TAKTIK ak ESTRATEJI KONGO.

Ti granmoun sa wou radotè se envante lobèy
, konbyen fwa yo di w Tousen ak Desalinn te nan chire pit ak kongo.

Mwen t ap tann ki lè ou t ap kòmanse lan tigranmoun ,lan envante lòbèy.
Mwen pa konn pouki sa ou kontinye ap entèvni sou SIT DISKISYON yo ak yon ANFAZ sou DISKISYON.
Mwen konn li kote DESSALINES KONN di l ap ekstèmine ""la race des CONGOS""

Se anpil lan NÈG sa yo ki te konn rele tèt yo ""KONGO"" ,yo te konsidere tèt yo KONGO ;Yo t ap goumen pou libere TÈT yo e retounen lan peyi yo KONGO.
Pa t gen anyen ke SENDOMENG ta ka ofri yo ke yo pa t genyen deja lan KONGO.
M ap repete l ankò ,TOUSSAINT se LYETNAN BIASSOU li te ye ;PIERROT ou gen dwa rele l yon KONGO tou ,se ann AFRIK li te fèt,anpil lòt NÈG .
Yo te vin kase kòd ak TOUSEN ak DESSALINES lè yo te vin lan kan diferan.
ROUVRI LESPRI W .LI KÒMANTÈ RANDALL ROBINSON TE FÈ SOU LIV ""African soldiers in the haitian revolution"".Li kòmantè sa a ,si w pa vle li LIV sa a.


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Part I

January 1, 1804 – January 1, 2004:

This day is sacred.

It is the 200th anniversary of the Haitian Revolution.

Fought by Haitians.

Won for us all.

Between 1791 and 1804, hundreds of thousands of Africans enslaved in Haiti ignored the rivers, forests, precipices, swamps, mountains, gorges, bloodhounds, rifles, cannon, and whips that separated them and united to launch a massive, brilliantly executed, spectacular war of liberation that the armies of Spain, England, and France (with the help of the United States) all fought desperately – and failed absolutely – to crush.

The Haitian Revolution was no “lucky break” involving “a few unruly slaves.”

This was no “plantation uprising.”

St. Domingue (as Haiti was then called by the French) was at that time the most prosperous colonial possession of any European power. It created far greater wealth for France than the thirteen American colonies combined. Its massive wealth-generating capacity caused it to be known far and wide as “The Pearl of the Antilles” and its French owners had a clear and proven management strategy for profit maximization: push the slaves to their absolute physical limit, work them literally to death, and then quickly import replacement slaves from Africa who would, in turn, be worked to death. This, St. Domingue’s plantocracy had discovered, controlled operating costs, kept the pace of economic activity at a highly efficient and productive pace, minimized slack and wastage, and produced massive, stupendous profits.

Two hundred years ago today, however, after a 13-year war of liberation, the slaves of St. Domingue celebrated their victory over France and other European powers by establishing the Republic of Haiti. They had wrested from Napoleon the engine of France’s economic expansion, banished slavery from the land, and ended European domination of 10,000 square miles of fertile land and hundreds of thousands of slaves to work it.

They had shattered the myth of European invincibility.

“Most have assumed that (Haiti’s) slaves had no military experience prior to the revolution,” John K. Thornton explains in African Soldiers in the Haitian Revolution. “Many assume that they rose from agricultural labour to military prowess in an amazingly short time…. However, it is probably a mistake to see the slaves of St. Domingue as simply agricultural workers, like the peasants of Europe… …A majority of St. Domingue’s slaves, especially those who fought steadily in the revolution, were born in Africa… …In fact, a great many… …had served in African armies prior to their enslavement and arrival in Haiti… …Sixty to seventy per cent of the adult slaves listed on (St. Domingue’s) inventories in the late 1780’s and 1790’s were African born… … …(coming) overwhelmingly from just two areas of Africa: the Lower Guinea coast region of modern Benin, Togo and Nigeria (also known as the “Slave Coast”), and the Angola coast area….

“Where the African military background of the slaves counted most was in those areas, especially in the north (of St. Domingue), where slaves themselves led the revolution, both politically and militarily… … …These areas…threw up the powerful armies of Toussaint Louverture and Dessalines and eventually carried the revolution.”

A successful revolution in Haiti, Thornton explains, “required the kind of skill and discipline that could be found in veteran soldiers, and it was these veterans, from wars in Africa, who made up the general will of the St. Domingue revolt… ...Kongolese armies contributed the most to St. Domingue rebel bands… …(Their) tactical organization was very different from that of Europe… ...(and they) had learned to deal successfully with Portuguese armies and tactics in the years of struggle (in Africa), driving out invaders… …No doubt these tactics could help those who found themselves in St. Domingue on the eve of the revolution.

“Kongolese armies seem to have been organized in…platoons…that struck at enemy advancing columns and sustained an engagement for a time before breaking off and retreating… …They made use of cover, both from terrain and from woods and tall grass, in hiding their movements and directing their fire. When they fled it was not possible to follow them.” Portuguese troops who had fought the Kongolese in Africa also reported that the Kongolese used “shocks – larger engagements involving massed Kongolese units. According to the Portuguese accounts, large bodies were assembled for shocks supported by artillery, sometimes they formed in extensive half moon formations which apparently sought partial envelopment of opposing forces, in other cases in columns of great depth along fronts of 15-20 soldiers….

“Their tactics showed a penchant for skirmishing attacks rather than the heavy assaults favoured by Europeans in the same era… …Kongolese armies had a higher command structure that could mass troops quickly, and soldiers were also accustomed to forming effectively into larger units for major battles when the situation warranted.… ...Dahomey’s armies included a fairly large professional force… …Oyo relied heavily on cavalry forces, had relatively few foot soldiers and throughout the 1700’s was the pre-eminent…military power in (west Africa)… …Dahomey’s troops… …fought in close order using fire discipline quite similar to that of Europe… …

“It was from these disparate ‘arts of war’ that the revolutionary African soldier of St. Domingue was trained… …

“One can easily see, in the formation of the bands mentioned in the early descriptions of the (Haitian Revolution), the small platoons of the Kongolese armies, each under an independent commander and accustomed to considerable tactical decision making; or perhaps those small units characteristic of locally organized Dahomean units; the state armies of the Mahi country; or the coastal forces of the Slave Coast… …

“In addition the pattern of attacks with small scale harassing maneuvers, short, sustained battles and then rapid withdrawals are also reminiscent of the campaign diaries of the Portuguese field commanders in Angola. Felix Carteau, an early observer of the war in the north of St. Domingue noted that the (slave revolutionaries) harassed French forces day and night. Usually, he commented, they were repelled, but each time, they dispersed so quickly, so completely in ditches, hedges and other areas of natural cover that real pursuit was impossible. However, rebel casualties were light in these attacks, so that the next day they reappeared with great numbers of people. They never mass in the open, wrote another witness, or wait in line to charge, but advance dispersed, so that they appear to be six times as numerous as they really are. Yet they were disciplined, since they might advance with great clamor and then suddenly and simultaneously fall silent….

“It was not long before observers noted that the rebels (in St. Domingue) had developed the sort of higher order tactics that was also characteristic of Kongolese forces, or those of the Slave Coast….

“In addition to these tactical similarities to African wars, especially in Kongo, there were other indications of the African ethos of the fighters… ...they marched, formed and attacked accompanied by the ‘music peculiar to Negroes....’ Their religious preparation, likewise, hearkened back to Africa….

“It is unlikely that many slaves would have learned equestrian skills as a part of their plantation labor… ...Since there was virtually no cavalry in Angola, one can speculate that rebels originating from Oyo might have provided at least some of the trained horsemen. Also, the Senegalese, though a minority, also came from an equestrian culture… …

“African soldiers may well have provided the key element of the early success of the revolution. They might have enabled its survival when it was threatened by reinforced armies from Europe. Looking at the rebel slaves of Haiti as African veterans rather than as Haitian plantation workers may well prove to be the key that unlocks the mystery of the success of the largest slave revolt in history.”

St. Domingue’s policy of working its slaves to death and then quickly importing replacements from Africa proved to be the ultimate karmic boomerang. St. Domingue’s African-born slaves not only were not yet broken psychologically, but they were also in possession of significant military training and experience gained on the other side of the Atlantic. And they combined with brilliant, indefatigable, St. Domingue-born blacks like Toussaint L’Ouverture and Dessalines to create a black revolutionary juggernaut the likes of which Europe and the United States had not seen before – or since.

The blacks of St. Domingue forced the world to see both them and the millions of other Africans enslaved throughout the Americas with new eyes. No longer could it be assumed that they could forever be brutalized into creating massive fortunes and building sprawling empires for the glory of Europe and America.

On January 1, 1804, hundreds of thousands of slave revolutionaries established an independent republic and named it Haiti in honor of the Amerindian people, long since killed off by European brutality and diseases, who had called the land Ayiti – Land of Many Mountains. They had banished slavery from their land and proclaimed it an official refuge for escaped slaves from anywhere in the world. They had defeated the mightiest of the mighty. They had shattered the myth of European invincibility.

Europe was livid. America, apoplectic. The blacks in St. Domingue had forgotten their place and would be made to pay. Dearly. For the next two hundred years.

Toussaint L’Ouverture, Dessalines, and their slave revolutionaries must forever live in our hearts as inspiring, authentic counterweights to the “yassuh-nosuh-scratch-where-ah-don’-itch-and-dance-tho-there-ain’-no-music” image of our forebears that Europe and the United States have drilled into our psyches.

And we must remember that history forgets, first, those who forget themselves. Via means direct and indirect, crass and subtle, there have been whispers and street corner shouts that “current conditions in Haiti” make our celebration of the Haitian Revolution “inappropriate” at this time.

We, whose souls and psyches have been bleached of everything prior to the Middle Passage are now being told that we must tear from our consciousness and rip from our hearts the most dramatic and triumphal assertion of forebears’ dignity, worth, and perspicacity since the Middle Passage.

How diabolically contemptuous.

Not only must we not forget the Haitian Revolution, we must celebrate it. Today, through all of this its bicentennial year, and beyond.

And we must research, understand, and expose what happened to Haiti and in Haiti since the revolution. We must become fully conversant with the role of “the world’s leading democracies” in Haiti between 1804 and today. We must develop a keen understanding of the repercussions of the 61-year economic embargo that the United States imposed on Haiti in response to its declaration of independence, and we must recognize the current-day consequences of France forcing Haiti to pay 90 million in gold francs (equivalent today to some $20 billion) in 1825 as “compensation” for Haiti declaring its independence – or be crushed militarily by France.

Today, “the world’s leading democracies” cluck and gloat at their ongoing stranglehold – in the form of a crushing financial embargo – on today’s descendants of Toussaint, Dessalines, and their freedom fighters. Throughout the Americas, we who benefited from the daring war waged by the slaves of St. Domingue, must reject the maneuverings of the world’s most powerful nations in Haiti and find ways to build bridges to the Haitian people and the officials they choose – through the ballot – to lead them.

Just over two hundred years ago, after there had been a “cessation of hostilities” and the brilliant military strategist Toussaint L’Ouverture had already retired to a quiet life in the St. Domingue country-side, France decided, nonetheless, to arrest and ship him to a prison cell 3,000 feet up the Jura Mountains of France where he would freeze to death. As he stepped on board the boat that would forever take him away from St. Domingue, Toussaint issued a promise to his captors and a call to us all.

“In overthrowing me, you have cut down in St. Domingue only the trunk of the tree of liberty. It will spring up again by the roots for they are numerous and deep.”
We are those roots.

The revolution was fought by Haitians, but won for us all.

Through our work and with our resources, in a spirit of self-respect and self-awareness, we must serve as counterweights to the powerful nations who deem the ballot box sacrosanct in their countries, but surreptitiously encourage and manipulate its rejection by “the opposition” in Haiti. We must serve as proponents of political civility and social justice in Haiti while “the world’s leading democracies” slyly encourage recalcitrance, tumult, and division. We must reject being manipulated by the corporate media into embracing the notion that in France, Germany, the United States and other “civilized nations” elections are the only legitimate determinant of the will of the people, but in Haiti those street demonstrations specially selected by the corporate media for coverage tell us all we need to know about anybody’s will. We must impress upon all Haitians the fact that the outside world does not distinguish between – and cares nothing about – Lavalas, Convergence, or any other political grouping. The world sees only “Haiti,” “Haitians,” and all the connotations that western media have attached thereto. Those nations that two hundred years ago failed desperately in their attempts to crush the Haitian Revolution today have a deep psychic need to “prove” Toussaint’s progeny capable of nothing but disaster. We must reach out to and work with our Haitian brothers and sisters to prove these nations wrong.

Throughout the Diaspora, we must stand with and defend Haiti – on this the anniversary of the Haitian Revolution, throughout this bicentennial year, and for all time. For in so doing, we stand for and defend ourselves.

Part II

Epitou mwen pa konnen lè w ap sispann DYÈDYÈ.
Tankou m di l de JOUNAL tankou ORLANDO SUN SENTINEL ,te gen son seri a pwopo de BIASSOU .Yo te di ke se pa t COLIN POWELL ki te premye KÒMANDAN NWA LAME lan AMERIK DI NÒ,si te GOERGE (JORGE) BIASSOU.
Noumenm ann AYITI se sa DORSAINVILLE te di nou ke BIASSOU ak JEAN FRANÇOIS ""sauver avec leurs chemise et leur pantalon"".
Mwen byen kwè ke HAITIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY ap fè yon ESTATI pou BIASSOU lan SAINT AUGUSTINE.
Gen anpil LITERATI sou BIASSOU men sa WIKIPEDIA di:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Biassou.
Gen yon NÈG ki te ekri yon LIV sou JEAN FRANÇOIS ak DESANDAN L yo tou;nou ka jwenn kòmantè sou LIV lan lan POTOMITAN.INFO

Randall Robinson pa gen la syans enfiz,mwen di w anko prensipal lidè avan endepandans yo se te kreyol ki  pa te nan chire pit ak kongo yo.

Se vreman parol moun fou repete tenten yon jeneral ki vini jeneral an chef pa te konnen taktik konba. Se kako ki aprann yo sa. Sa w ta vle di kongo yo te gen taktik kinan yo, ki vinn itilize epok sa.

Men Tousen se yon militè byen prepare, yon oganizatè militè kite menm fann nan dengwann kako kite nan maronaj kont fos kolonyal yo.

Pran lekti saki di nan bibliyografi Tousen

'' l existe deux courants historiographiques au sujet du rôle joué par Toussaint Louverture dans la révolte des esclaves du Nord en 1791.

• Le plus important courant, représenté par Jacques de Cauna, le présente comme l’un des instigateurs importants de l’insurrection dont il fut l'organisateur auprès des ateliers du Nord^[10]. L’historien haïtien du XIX^e siècle Céligny Ardouin rapporte à partir de témoignages d’anciens vétérans, que Toussaint Bréda aurait été contacté par les royalistes pour fomenter l’insurrection. Les royalistes cherchaient, par ce biais, à porter atteinte au mouvement des patriotes autonomistes, c’est-à-dire aux petits Blancs. L’insurrection lancée, la première réaction de Toussaint Bréda a été de mettre à l’abri son ancien maître Bayon de Libertat. Deux hypothèses peuvent être avancées pour expliquer ce fait. La première hypothèse est qu’il n’aurait pas envisagé que le mouvement puisse se retourner contre les grands blancs. La seconde est qu’il ne serait tout simplement pas l’un des fomenteurs de l’insurrection.
  

• Le deuxième courant historiographique est animé par l'auteur Pierre Pluchon^[11]. Pour lui, Toussaint Bréda n’était pas forcément en phase avec ce mouvement insurrectionnel qui le menaçait d’une double manière : en tant que maître d’esclaves et de biens, il pouvait être la proie des insurgés ; dans la confusion des représailles quasi-imminentes des Blancs, il pouvait facilement être une victime de la répression. Par conséquent, avec une certaine habilité, Toussaint Bréda aurait adopté un double jeu. D’une part, en mettant à l’abri son ancien maître Bayon de Libertat, Toussaint se serait assuré d’avoir un protecteur influent auprès des autorités coloniales. D’autre part, en approchant les insurgés en tant que médecin grâce à sa connaissance des plantes, il se serait assuré la protection de ses biens. Ce n’est peut-être qu’a posteriori, que ce double jeu lui aurait permis de s’ériger en intermédiaire entre les royalistes et les insurgés, puisque sa personne, connue des autorités à travers Bayon de Libertat, aurait été en mesure d’apporter une certaine honorabilité au mouvement. Ainsi, on note qu’il est l'un des signataires de l’adresse à l’Assemblée coloniale du 4 décembre 1791 proposant en vain une amnistie générale, avec les deux meneurs de l’insurrection Jean-François et Biassou^[12]. L’enlisement marqué par l’extension du mouvement et la relative paralysie des propriétaires européens et mulâtres l’aurait poussé à s’impliquer davantage dans l’insurrection, dans le but de canaliser les insurgés, le transformant ainsi en meneur d’hommes. Cette vision critique émanant d'un auteur iconoclaste est toutefois loin de faire consensus auprès des historiens universitaires qui en critiquent le biais idéologique et l'absence d'un certain nombre de sources^[13].
  

Un brillant organisateur militaire : l’avènement de Toussaint Louverture[modifier | modifier le code]

Toussaint Bréda, en plus d’occuper des fonctions de médecin chez les insurgés, offre ses services de conseiller à Biassou qu’il juge plus malléable que Jean-François, le chef suprême^[14]. D’après l’historien M. Bernard Gainot, il lui organise une garde disciplinée à l’européenne qui tranche avec la totale désorganisation des insurgés. Pour Toussaint, cela est peut-être une question de survie : être à la tête d’un mouvement discipliné lui est sans doute plus efficace pour protéger sa personne et ses biens qu’être seul face à une horde d’insurgés laissés à eux-mêmes.
Au printemps 1793, les Espagnols offrent aux révoltés, un sanctuaire en même temps que la liberté à ceux qui combattraient pour eux. Toussaint Bréda, à la tête de son armée de 3 à 4000 Noirs, est vite remarqué pour ses talents militaires et sa discipline^[12]. Ainsi est-il promu lieutenant-général. Toussaint troque alors son nom Bréda pour Louverture, surnom qui, bien que faisant l’objet de spéculations diverses, devait suggérer son habilité à ouvrir une brèche dans les rangs de l’adversaire. Ses qualités militaires le mènent à développer des ambitions politiques.''

RANDALL ROBINSON pa gen '"LA SCIENCE INFUSE."" .Ki sa ROBINSON genyen pou l wè ak sa pwofese JOHN THORNTON di.Se yon KÒMANTÈ li fè sou liv JOHN.K THORNTON lan.
Se yon LIV ki te gen anpil BRI lan MOND ANGLO-SAXON an.
Gen anpil bagay noumenm AYISYEN lè nou aprann yon bagay ke yo te di 200 zan ;nou pa janm EVOLYE.Se konsa ou tande LEPANDYÈ ann AYITI pou yo montre yo konnen ap di w VOLTAIRE te di ,MONTESQUIEU te di yon bann RASIS.
Se pa t RANDALL ROBINSON SÈLMAN ki te apresye LIV JOHN THORNTON lan,w ap wè ke ISTORYEN lan INIVÈSITE WEST INDIES lan jan yo apresye LIV lan.
KENNETH THORNTON si w pa konn tande pale de misye ou te dwe tande pale ou li misye se yon WASP ,yon ANGLO-AMERIKEN KI ANSEYE LAN OMWENS 4 INIVÈSUTE deja.
OZETAZINI ,yo rekonèt misye kòm pi GRAN ESPESYALIS SOU ISTWA LAFRIK sou ISTWA KONGO.Pa gen MOUN ki konnen sou TRÈT ESKLAVAY ke misye.
ANVAN li te pran DOKTORA lan ISTWA li se te yon ansyen OFISYE LAME AMERIKEN lan ""AIR FORCE"" menm jan ak papa l.Misye ki se yon espesyalis ISTWA AFRIKEN li se yon ADMIRATÈ FANATIK REVOLISYON AYISYEN an ke misye konsidere yon kontinyasyon ISTWA KONGO yo.
Se pou m tradwi KRITIK RANDALL ROBINSON sou liv JOHN.K THORNTON lan ,petèt gen kòt MOUN ki pa konprann ANGLE ki ka pòte OPINYON KONSTRIKYIF sou diskisyon an.

Grande Riviere
This October 15, 1791
My very dear friend:
In keeping with the request I just made of the Spanish and daily awaiting the thing I asked for, I beg of you to wait until we are in a better state before going on to what you have the kindness to write me about. I have too much of a wish to go, but in all the habitations I would like to have crowbars in order to have the rocks of the mountains of Haut du Cap fall to prevent them [the slaveowner’s forces] from approaching us for I think they have no other means without exposing their people to a slaughter. I ask that you make sure with the spy you have sent to have him clearly explain where the powder works are in Haut du Cap so we can succeed in taking the powder works. Thus my friend you can see if I took precautions in this affair you can tell this to Bouqueman [Boukman]. As for Jean Francois he can still go in a carriage with his ladies, but he hasn’t done me the honor of writing to me for several days. I am very surprised by this. If you need tafia I will send you some when you'd like, but try to use it sparingly. They must not be given this so they won’t be disturbed. Send me a few barrows for I need them to transport wood to put up the cabins at the tannery for my people.
I ask you to assure your mother and sister of my humble respect.
I have the honor, my dear friend, of being your very humble, obedient servant.
To M. Biassou, brigadier of the King’s Army at Grand Boucan

[signed]

General DOCTOR


Sa a se yon LÈT ke TOUSSAINT te voye bay BIASSOU.Se tradiksyon ANGLE an.Anpil DOKIMAN sa yo se lan KOLEKSYON AMERIKEN yo ye ou byen lan ""LIBRARY OF CONGRESS""
Gen anpil bagay to aprann nou e ke gen NÈG kontinye ap repete yo e a la limyè de ENFÒMASYON NÈF ,ou wè ke bagay yo diferan.
Se tankou NÈG ap di w ke KOUPE TÈT BOULE KAY lan se te ESTRAYEJI DESSALINES e se pa t vre di tou.Lan yon LÈT ke TOUSSAINT te voye bay DESSALINES misye te eksplike l ESTRATEJI ""KOUPE TÈT BOULE KAY"" lan menm ESTRATEJI ke RIS to ta pral IZE lè NAPOLEON te anvayi peyi yo e yo te defèt NAPOLEON!

Toussaint Louverture letter to Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1802)
(Redirected from Toussaint Louverture letter to Jean-Jacques Dessalines)


Jean-Jacques Dessalines
In February of 1802, just months before he would be betrayed by the French, Toussaint Louverture, wrote this letter to Jean-Jacques Dessalines, He asks to burn down Port-au-Prince, to stop the advance of General Leclerc's troops, sent by Napoléon Bonaparte to re-establish slavery.
Dessalines was the Commander in Chief of the revolutionary Haitian army in the West of Saint-Domingue at the time. The West, as a department in Haiti/Saint-Domingue, includes the Port-au-Prince metropolitan area.
LIBERTY. EQUALITY.

The Governor-General [Toussaint Louverture] to General Dessalines, Commander-in-chief of the army of the West.

HEADQUARTERS GONAÏVES, Feb. 8, 1802.

There is no reason for despair, Citizen-General, if you can succeed in removing from the [French] troops that have landed the resources offered to them by Port Republican [Port-au-Prince]. Endeavor, by all the means of force and address, to set that place on fire; it is constructed entirely of wood; you have only to send into it some faithful emissaries. Are there none under your orders devoted enough for this service? Ah! my dear General, what a misfortune that there was a traitor in that city, and that your orders and mine were not put into execution.
Watch the moment when the garrison shall be weak in consequence of expeditions into the plains, and then try to surprise and carry that city, falling on it in the rear.
Do not forget, while waiting for the rainy season which will rid us of our foes, that we have no other resource than destruction and flames. Bear in mind that the soil bathed with our sweat must not furnish our enemies with the smallest aliment. Tear up the roads with shot; throw corpses and horses into all the fountains; burn and annihilate everything, in order that those who have come to reduce us to slavery may have before their eyes the image of that hell which they deserve.

Salutation and Friendship,
(Signed) TOUSSAINT L'OUVERTURE
Source: (Beard, p. 186f)

Sa a se pou NÈG ki kontinye ap di ke si TOUSSAINT te bay peyi an ENDEPANDANS ;YO PA T AP BOULE PEYI AN.
Yon bann MOUN KI SÈVO YO LAVE ,se pou yo sispann repete RANS.
""KOUPE TÈT ,BOULE KAY "" lan se èstrateji TOUSSAINT.Se te bon estrateji an ;ou denye LÈNMI an RESOUS lè li ANVAYI w.
RIS yo te IZE ESTRATEJI sa 2 FWA ;pandan ke NAPOLEON te anvayi yo e pandan HITLER te anvayi yo pandan 2zyè gè MONDYAL lan:

KOULYÈ SE RADOT, SORTI NAN KONTÈSK DEMONTRE KE SE YON KONESKO . TONBE NAN YON MIKMAK, TONAS MWEN PA GENTAN PÈDI AVÈ W
ALELOUYA.

Se sa menm pa entèvni sou sa m ap di.Mwen di w sa deja ;ouvri pwòp PÒS ou ;mwen ta renmen lòt MOUN entèvni.
Lè w ap rele MOUN KONOSKO an ,se diferans lan.Pa gen KONOSKO.
Mwen di byenvini ak MOUN ki pou kontredi m ;sa fè diskisyon an avanse.
Si w li ATIK RANDALL ROBINSON ki byen enfòme ;misye se ansyen pwofesè HARVARD ,MISYE di ke JOHN K.THORNTON vini ak enfòmasyon ke l pa t konnen ;tankou ENFLIYANS KONGO yo lan REVOLISYON AYISYEN an.
Misye di ke san KONGO sa yo e sa yo konnen REVOLISYON AYISYEN an pa t ap posib.
Pou m kontinye KONGO yo te trè enfliyan lan premye REVOLISYON KIBEN an ;lan GÈ ENDEPANDANS KIBA a.
Kòmandman an se te KREYÒL KIBEN men ENFLIYANS KONGO yo te trè prezan.
MACEO ak GOMEZ se te KREYÒL Manman MACEO se te DOMINIKEN e MAXIMO GOMEZ limenm te grandi an DOMINIKANI.
Men tou PATIZAN MACEO yo te rele LAME yo an ""LAME MAMBI"".
MAMBI se yon TÈM KONGOLÈ e ""command and structure"" LAME an te òganize jan LAME ""WA KONGO"" an te òganize.

M ap di l ankò ou BYENVINI pou w kontredi sa m di yo ,men se pou w vini ak ""enfòmasyon"" nèf!